Procedures for introducing a baby to a dog:

Victoria L. Voith, D.V.M. School of Veterinary Medicine University of Pennsylvania

One of the most common questions asked of a veterinarian by an expectant parent (or grandparents) is how to introduce a new baby to the resident dog. There are three types of dogs about which parents should be particularly concerned: those that have already manifested aggressive tendencies to babies, those that are, in general, also aggressive to adults, and those that have a history of predatory behavior, i.e. they chase and kill squirrels, birds, cats, goats, sheep or other animals. If dogs with such histories are identified, it would be a wise precaution to advise parents to consult an animal behavior therapist for advice on if and how they should manage future dog-child interactions. Fortunately, most dogs look upon a baby with curiosity and show no signs of aggression. However, some dogs perceive an infant as a strange mammal and potential item of prey. Dogs that have never seen a baby probably do not view them as young human beings or even as small people.

To help prevent accidents (sometimes fatal), some precautions should be taken. Over the years, I have developed the following protocol for people to follow when they wish to be especially careful in introducing a baby to an unaggresive family dog. The procedures begin before the baby is born.

Because the owner will want to keep the dog quiet and under control when the baby is in its vicinity, the dog should reliably sit or lie down on command, and remain that way unless permitted to get up, regardless of other activities. The dog should be gradually accustomed to potentially arousing events before the baby arrives. It should be taught to remain calm and in a sitting position, for pleasant rewards rather than to avoid punishment. Because the commands "sit" and "stay" will eventually be used in conjunction with the baby, they should not be associated with punishment.

I generally have owners begin by teaching their dog to sit and stay for delicious tidbits. The dog is initially required to remain still only for a few seconds, and this time is very gradually increased. Simultaneously, the activity level around the dog is made progressively more arousing. For example, while the dog is sitting, the person takes a step backward and then forward and then rewards the dog if it is still sitting. Next, the owner takes 2 steps backward, returns to the dog, takes a step to the side, then 2 steps to the side, etc. Gradually, the owner extends the range and speed of activities, moving across the room, sitting down, standing up, rattling door knobs, etc. The dog is rewarded for sitting and not accompanying the owner on these sojourns.

After the dog has demonstrated it can remain seated while the owner performs numerous rapid activities, the owner may then begin simulating activities that will occur with the baby. While the dog is in a sit\stay position, the owners can carry a doll wrapped in blankets, rock the doll in their arms, let the dog look at the doll while keeping the dog in a sit/stay position, pretend to diaper the doll, etc. The dog is rewarded for sitting and remaining calm as people, pretend to diaper the doll, etc. A firm "no" is appropriate if the dog begins to get up when it should not. However, if the owners must repeatedly say "no" something is wrong with the training procedures. At no time should the owner berate the dog with threats or hit it for getting up. The idea is to avoid associating unpleasant events (punishment) with such words as "no" or "stay" because the parent will later use those words to restrain the dog in the presence of the baby. The owners should look at these practice sessions as games and not as disciplinary exercises.

Before the baby is brought into the house, items that have been associated with the infant, such as clothing, can be brought home and the dog allowed to become familiar with the baby's odor. Initially, the dog should be permitted to sniff and smell the items as much as it wishes. Later, the owners might have the dog sit and stay as they pick up and put down these items, carry them, etc.

When the mother returns from the hospital, the dog should be allowed to greet her without the baby present. Only after the dog have calmed down should the baby be presented to the dog. Sometimes it is a good idea to keep the dog and baby separate for several hours, while allowing the dog to sniff more items of clothing and become aware of the general presence of the baby. In this manner, the dog can begin to get used to the presence of the baby in the house without actually being close enough to investigate it. The dog can adjust, somewhat to the sounds and odors of the baby.

After the dog's excitement level has dissipated and the baby is in a quiet mood it is appropriate time to introduce the two. Optimally, 2 people should help with the introduction, one to control and reward the dog and the other to hold the baby. The rapidity with which the procedures are carried out and the number of steps involved vary. Depending upon the exuberance of the dog, the person holding the baby may be sitting or standing. The dog should be on a leash in a sit/stay position and is rewarded with petting or praise. By this time, food rewards should no longer be necessary. Gradually, dog and baby are brought closer together. The dog should be allowed to see the baby but remain in a sitting position. As long as the dog is quiet, it should be allowed to remain nearby until it is necessary to move the baby or the baby becomes restless. Such introductions should be repeated several times during the first day. The dog may eventually be brought close enough so it can smell the baby, but not so close as to be able to bite.

The owner must use his or her own discretion as to when it is appropriate to let the dog sniff the baby closely. If after several introductions the dog is not unduly excited and can be verbally controlled, the procedures can be repeated without a lead.

The next step is to allow the dog to wander loose while the owner is with the baby. The dog should not, however, have access to the baby in unsupervised situations. A screen door can be put on the baby's room or the dog confined to areas of the house where it does not have access to the baby in the absence of the owners. The dog should be allowed as much freedom in the house and interaction with the adults as possible.

Initially, when the parents prepare to interact with the baby in the dog's presence, they should also interact with the dog in some manner. They might say "let's go see the baby" or ask the dog to sit and pet it or give it a tidbit. Again, food rewards are not necessary every time the owner asks the dog to sit or stay but intermittent food rewards keep its performance level high.

There are no definite guidelines as to when a dog actually adjusts to an infant and perhaps begins recognizing it as a person. Most dogs probably adjust to the presence of the infant within a few days while others may take several weeks. After the dog has been with the child for may hours and has become used to the child's sounds and movements (pays little attention to these activities and is not aroused by them), the parents can probably relax supervision of the dog in the presence of the child. This depends on the dog's history of aggression, particularly predatory behavior. While one cannot tell parents to relax and be totally unconcerned after the dog has had several weeks of supervised interaction with the baby, it is unlikely that an unfortunate incident would occur after that time if the dog is unaggressive, relaxed and relatively uninterested in the baby in a supervised circumstances. If the owners are concerned, they may put a latched screen door on their baby's bedroom or put up gates to prevent access to the child when the owner is not there.

Most incidents of dogs killing babies a few days to a few months old occur within the first few hours of the infant's presence in the home, when the dog unexpectedly comes upon the new baby in an unsupervised situation. I know of no cases in which a dog has had extensive exposure to an infant and subsequently killed it.

To adjust to the presence of the infant, the dog must be gradually exposed to the infant. Initial exposures must be supervised and pleasant for the dog so it does not associate adverse events with the baby. To prevent an uncontrolled response during these exposures, the dog should have been previously trained to control itself in exciting situations.

Cats and Your New Baby

This article was originally printed in the October 1996 issue of Tufts University School of Veterinary Medicine's Catnip newsletter.

When your full-grown cat cuddles on you lap, kneading you with his massive dinner plate paws and purring like a jet engine, he appears to be reenacting a nursing behavior from his kitten days. His actions suggest he regards you as a surrogate mother - a great honor indeed. But unfortunately, this close "familial" bond may lead to problems if you add a new member to your human family. Your cat may view the new person as a territorial invader or a rival for your affection. But, with a bit of effort, you can help your furry housemate adjust to the new group dynamic, and all family members will reap the rewards.

• Family Planning

  The family addition most likely to change your cat's lifestyle (and yours!) is a new baby. Babies mean new sights, sounds, and smells, and they take the lion's share of everyone's attention. "A cat can end up feeling displaced," notes Dr. Stefanie Schwartz, a clinical assistant professor at Tufts University School of Veterinary Medicine and author of No More Myths: Real Facts to Answer Common Misbeliefs About Pet Problems. "This is particularly true of tightly bonded cats that depend on their owners for lots of physical contact and play."

  If you plan ahead, you can make the arrival of a new baby much less stressful - at least from your cat's point of view. The first step is to introduce the cat to the baby's things. Curiosity specialists that they are, cats will usually investigate the new crib, toys, blankets, and other paraphernalia without much prompting. But if you plan to do a lot of nursery redecorating, do it gradually over several weeks. Many cats become uneasy with mass migrations of furniture.

  Your cat will also benefit from a slow introduction to the sight, sounds, and smells of a baby. If you have any friends with babies, invite their little ones over to meet your cat. Also, consider getting a recording of a crying baby. Play it at irregular intervals. During each replay of the tape, give your cat a treat and some attention so it learns not to fear the sound of crying. Expose your cat to baby product smells by putting infant lotions and powders on you hands every day for several weeks before the baby's due date.
   

• Bundle of Joy

  As the big day approaches, a few well-meaning friends may issue warnings about the risk of allowing a cat around a newborn. But it's a misconception that cats are hostile toward babies. Most cats will hide if they feel threatened by a newborn. At worst, they may urinate on the baby's things. If you suspect any feline "hard feelings," you can assuage them by involving your cat in the baby's upbringing. As you feed you newborn, give your watchful cat a treat too. When you talk to the baby, include Puss in the "conversation." Eventually, your cat will associate the baby's presence with positive attention. From then on, Puss will most likely be one of Junior's biggest fans.
   

• Tenacious Toddlers

  When babies reach the age of scooting around the house on hands and knees or bowlegs, they can present new problems for you and your cat. "Some toddlers move very fast, they may step on the cat, pull its fur, disturb it while it's sleeping, or pursue it when it tries to get away," says Dr. Schwartz. To keep your cat safe from toddler antics, create a feline sanctuary. Install a baby gate low enough for your cat to hurdle at the doorway of one bedroom, and put comfortable bedding and a litter box inside the room.

  As parents know, toddlers often have enough energy to power a major metropolitan area - and boundless curiosity that leads them into trouble. Some youngsters will happily dig through the litter box, taste-test the cat food du jour, or engage the cat in a bout of Greco-Roman wrestling. These activities may put children at risk for contracting a zoonotic disease (one that can pass from animals to humans). To be on the safe side, parents should practice meticulous hygiene during their children's "try anything" phase.
   

• The New Roommate

  New adult family members don't usually cause as much upheaval as babies and toddlers (for one thing, adults don't play in the litter box), but any newcomer can set off anxiety in a cat. New roommates mean new smells, new sounds, and new furniture. And if the newcomer is a girlfriend, boyfriend, or spouse of the owner, the cat may get a lot less attention than before. Confronted with these unwelcome changes, some cats become territorial and channel their frustration into inappropriate elimination or aggression toward their owner.

  To smooth the introduction of a new roommate, follow the same steps you would with a baby. You cat should get to know the new person before he or she moves in. Ask the person to come over to meet the cat and leave some aromatic items of clothing behind. When you make the introductions, do so gradually. "The important thing is not to be invasive," says Giulia Zanone, a former Tufts University research associate in animal behavior. "Don't push the cat off its favorite chair or wake it up to meet the newcomer." Just as a cat does best when gradually introduced to a new roommate, a new roommate may need time to feel comfortable with a resident feline. To help bridge the interspecies gap, suggest ways your new roommate might interact with your cat. Start with recreation: both humans and felines usually enjoy a rousing game of "chase the shoestring." Then, encourage the new roommate to serve your cat a meal or two. Finally, teach the newcomer how your cat likes to be petted and held.
   

• Domestic Harmony.

  While it may seem like a lot of work, helping your cat adjust to a new household member is well worth the effort. Once Puss feels relaxed, he will most likely add the newcomer to his select roster of "extended family" - and your new family member will learn the joys of having a cat as comforter, confidant, and friend.
   

• Cats in the Cradle

  According to an old wives' tale, a jealous cat will "steal a baby's breath" if given half a chance. No one knows exactly how a cat might manage this feat, but that mystery hasn't stopped the superstition from surviving to the present day.

  Rest assured, there's no truth to the story. Cats do not intentionally harm babies. But parents should still play it safe. A particularly friendly feline might interfere with a baby's breathing by curling up in the cradle or licking the baby's face. (One often quoted but unproven notion is that cats are drawn to the smell of mile on a baby's breath.) To safeguard babies from overly cuddlesome cats, make the crib off limits. Shut the nursery door when you leave and install a baby monitor. Or replace the solid door with a screen door. You may also want to put woven mesh over the crib. "The main thing is to be vigilant," advises Dr. Stefanie Schwartz. "You should know where the pet is; you should know where the baby is."